2. Star and Tree Topology

The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs. Larger
networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology. When used with network devices that
filter frames or packets, like bridges, switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the
traffic on the wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host.
Advantages
1. Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of operation.
2. It also achieves an isolation of each device in the network.
3. Easy to install and reconfigure.
4. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
5. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
6. Less expensive.
7. Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other links remain active.
8. Easy to install and reconfigure.
9. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
10. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
11. Less expensive.
12. Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other links remain active.

Disadvantages
1. The network operation depends on the functioning of the central hub. Hence, the failure of
the central hub leads to the failure of the entire network.
2. If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
3. Requires more cable length than a bus topology.
4. More expensive than bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc.